Bio-based binders including carbohydrates and a pre-reacted product of an alcohol or polyol and a monomeric or polymeric polycarboxylic acid

ABSTRACT

An environmentally friendly, formaldehyde-free, aqueous binder composition that includes a carbohydrate, a crosslinking agent, and a pre-reacted product of an alcohol or polyol and monomeric or polymeric polycarboxylic acid or polyglycerol is provided. The pre-reacted product may include glycerol and esters of citric acid such a monoglyceryl citrate, diglyceryl citrate, and triglyceryl citrate as well as other higher molecular weight citric acid-based esters. The inclusion of the pre-reacted product in the binder composition helps to speed the crosslinking reaction, induces faster water evaporation, decreases the viscosity of the binder, helps to reduce the amount of water needed for application of the binder, decreases tackiness, and helps to achieve a maximum vertical expansion of the insulation pack in the transfer zone. The binder composition may be used in the formation of insulation materials and non-woven chopped strand mats.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of the U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 61/473,043, filed Apr. 7, 2011, entitled BIO-BASEDBINDERS INCLUDING CARBOHYDRATES AND A PRE-REACTED PRODUCT OF AN ALCOHOLOR POLYOL AND A MONOMERIC OR POLYMERIC POLYCARBOXYLIC ACID, which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to rotary fiber insulation andnon-woven mats, and more particularly, to a binder for use inmanufacturing both fiberglass insulation and non-woven mats that isbio-based, preferably containing no added formaldehyde, and isenvironmentally friendly.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Conventional fibers are useful in a variety of applications includingreinforcements, textiles, and acoustical and thermal insulationmaterials. Although mineral fibers (e.g., glass fibers) are typicallyused in insulation products and non-woven mats, depending on theparticular application, organic fibers such as polypropylene, polyester,and multi-component fibers may be used alone or in combination withmineral fibers in forming the insulation product or non-woven mat.

Fibrous insulation is typically manufactured by fiberizing a moltencomposition of polymer, glass, or other mineral and spinning fine fibersfrom a fiberizing apparatus, such as a rotating spinner. To form aninsulation product, fibers produced by the rotating spinner are drawndownwardly from the spinner towards a conveyor by a blower. As thefibers move downward, a binder material is sprayed onto the fibers andthe fibers are collected into a high loft, continuous blanket on theconveyor. The binder material gives the insulation product resiliencyfor recovery after packaging and provides stiffness and handleability sothat the insulation product can be handled and applied as needed in theinsulation cavities of buildings. The binder composition also providesprotection to the fibers from interfilament abrasion and promotescompatibility between the individual fibers.

The blanket containing the binder-coated fibers is then passed through acuring oven and the binder is cured to set the blanket to a desiredthickness. After the binder has cured, the fiber insulation may be cutinto lengths to form individual insulation products, and the insulationproducts may be packaged for shipping to customer locations. One typicalinsulation product produced is an insulation batt or blanket, which issuitable for use as wall insulation in residential dwellings or asinsulation in the attic and floor insulation cavities in buildings.Another common insulation product is air-blown or loose-fill insulation,which is suitable for use as sidewall and attic insulation inresidential and commercial buildings as well as in any hard-to-reachlocations. Loose-fill insulation is formed of small cubes that are cutfrom insulation blankets, compressed, and packaged in bags.

Non-woven mats may be formed by conventional wet-laid processes. Forexample, wet chopped fibers are dispersed in a water slurry thatcontains surfactants, viscosity modifiers, defoaming agents, and/orother chemical agents. The slurry containing the chopped fibers is thenagitated so that the fibers become dispersed throughout the slurry. Theslurry containing the fibers is deposited onto a moving screen where asubstantial portion of the water is removed to form a web. A binder isthen applied, and the resulting mat is dried to remove any remainingwater and cure the binder. The formed non-woven mat is an assembly ofdispersed, individual glass filaments.

Various attempts have been made to reduce undesirable formaldehydeemissions from formaldehyde-based resins. For example, variousformaldehyde scavengers such as ammonia and urea have been added to theformaldehyde-based resin in an attempt to reduce formaldehyde emissionfrom the insulation product. Because of its low cost, urea is addeddirectly to the uncured resin system to act as a formaldehyde scavenger.The addition of urea to the resin system produces urea-extendedphenol-formaldehyde resole resins. These resole resins can be furthertreated or applied as a coating or binder and then cured. Unfortunately,the urea-extended resoles are unstable, and because of this instability,the urea-extended resoles must be prepared on site. In addition, thebinder inventory must be carefully monitored to avoid processingproblems caused by undesired crystalline precipitates of dimer speciesthat may form during storage. Ammonia is not a particularly desirablealternative to urea as a formaldehyde scavenger because ammoniagenerates an unpleasant odor and may cause throat and nose irritation toworkers. Further, the use of a formaldehyde scavenger in general isundesirable due to its potential adverse affects to the properties ofthe insulation product, such as lower recovery and lower stiffness.

In addition, previous arts have focused on the use of polyacrylic acidwith a polyhydroxy crosslinking agent or carbohydrate-based chemistrythat is linked to the Maillard reaction. A binder that is formed mostlyof polyacrylic acid inherently has problems due to its acidity andassociated corrosion of machine parts. In addition, polyacrylic acidbinders have a high viscosity, high curing temperatures, and highassociated curing costs. Further, the Maillard-based products have anundesirable dark brown color after curing. Also, the use of largeamounts of ammonia needed to make the binder presents a safety risk andpossible emission problems.

Alternative polymeric binder systems to those described above forfibrous glass products have also been proposed. However, thesealternative binder systems remain problematic. For example, lowmolecular weight, low viscosity binders which allow maximum verticalexpansion of the insulation pack in the transfer zone generally cure toform a non-rigid plastic matrix in the finished product, therebyreducing the attainable vertical height recovery of the finishedinsulation product when installed. Conversely, high viscosity binders,which generally cure to form a rigid matrix in the finished product, donot allow the desired maximum vertical expansion of the coated, uncuredpack.

In view of the existing problems with current binders, there remains aneed in the art for a binder system that does not corrode machine parts,does not emit formaldehyde, and which is environmentally friendly.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment the present invention provides a binder compositionfor use in the formation of fiberglass insulation and non-woven choppedstrand mats that includes at least one carbohydrate from naturalsources, at least one crosslinking agent, and a pre-reacted product ofan alcohol or polyol and a monomeric or polymeric polycarboxylic acid.The carbohydrate and crosslinking agent form a polyester thermosetresin. In some aspects, the carbohydrate may have a dextrose equivalent(DE) from 2 to 20. Additionally, the carbohydrate may be a water-solublepolysaccharide selected from pectin, dextrin, maltodextrin, starch,modified starch, starch derivatives, cellulose and combinations thereof.The alcohol or polyol includes compounds such as aliphatic alcohols(i.e., CH₃(CH₂)_(n)CH₂OH where n=2-16), glycerol, triethanolamine,ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and pentaerythritol. Thecrosslinking agent may be any monomeric or polymeric polycarboxylic acidand/or their corresponding salts. In addition, the binder compositionmay include a coupling agent, a moisture resistant agent, a dustsuppression agent, a catalyst, an inorganic acid or base, and/or anorganic acid or base. The binder composition is free of addedformaldehyde and is environmentally friendly.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a fibrousinsulation product that includes a plurality of randomly oriented fibersand a binder composition applied to at least a portion of the fibers andinterconnecting the fibers. The binder includes at least at least onecarbohydrate from natural sources, at least one crosslinking agent, anda pre-reacted product of an alcohol or polyol and a monomeric orpolymeric polycarboxylic acid. In some aspects the carbohydrate may havea dextrose equivalent (DE) from 2 to 20. Additionally, the carbohydratemay be a water-soluble polysaccharide selected from pectin, dextrin,maltodextrin, starch, modified starch, starch derivatives, cellulose,and combinations thereof. The binder composition may also include one ormore members selected from a coupling agent, a moisture resistant agent,a dust suppression agent, a catalyst, an inorganic acid or base, and anorganic acid or base. In exemplary embodiments, the crosslinking agentincludes any monomeric or polymeric polycarboxylic acid and/or theircorresponding salts

In yet another embodiment the present invention provides a non-wovenchopped strand mat formed of a plurality of randomly oriented glassfibers having a discrete length enmeshed in the form of a mat having afirst major surface and a second major surface and a polyester bindercomposition at least partially coating the first major surface of themat. The binder includes (1) at least one carbohydrate from naturalsources preferably having a dextrose equivalent from 2 to 20, (2) atleast one crosslinking agent, and (3) a pre-reacted product of analcohol or polyol and a monomeric or polymeric polycarboxylic acid. Thebinder composition may also include one or more members selected from acoupling agent, a moisture resistant agent, a dust suppression agent, acatalyst, an inorganic acid or base, and an organic acid or base. In atleast one exemplary embodiment, the carbohydrate is a water-solublepolysaccharide selected from pectin, dextrin, maltodextrin, starch,modified starch, starch derivatives, cellulose, and combinationsthereof. In addition, the crosslinking agent may be selected frompolycarboxylic acids, salts of polycarboxylic acid, anhydrides, esters,monomeric and polymeric aldehydes, monomeric and polymericpolycarboxylic acid with anhydride, citric acid, salts of citric acid,adipic acid, salts of adipic acid, polyacrylic acid, salts ofpolyacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid based resins, proteins, andcombinations thereof. The binder may have a light color upon curing, isenvironmentally friendly, and is free of added formaldehyde.

In some aspects of the invention, the pre-reacted product is acomposition that includes (i) about 5 wt % to about 25 wt % glycerol;(ii) about 10 wt % to about 70 wt % mixture of monoglyceryl citrate,diglyceryl citrate and triglyceryl citrate; and (iii) less than 5 wt %citric acid. In some aspects, the composition includes about 12 wt % toabout 50 wt % mixture of monoglyceryl citrate, diglyceryl citrate andtriglyceryl citrate. In still other aspects, the composition includesabout 20 wt % to about 40 wt % mixture of monoglyceryl citrate,diglyceryl citrate and triglyceryl citrate. In some aspects, thecomposition further includes about 25 wt % to about 80 wt % other highermolecular weight citric acid-derived esters. In at least one exemplaryaspect, the pre-reacted product has a weight average molecular weight offrom about 1500 to about 5000 Daltons. In some aspects, the compositionmay include a Group I metal cation or a citrate anion or both. In theseaspects, the molar ratio of the Group I metal cation to total citricacid, citrate anion, and citric acids esters of the pre-reacted productis from about 1:99 to 25:75. In other aspects, the molar ratio of theGroup I metal cation to total citric acid, citrate anion, and citricacid esters of the pre-reacted product is from about 3:99 to 10:99.

In still other aspects of the invention, the pre-reacted product is acomposition that includes (i) about 5 wt % to about 25 wt % glycerolbased on the weight of the composition; (ii) about 10 wt % to about 70wt % mixture of monoglyceryl citrate, diglyceryl citrate and triglycerylcitrate based on the weight of the composition; and (iii) a Group Imetal cation or a citrate anion or both, wherein the molar ratio of thecation to total citric acid, citrate anion, and citric acids esters ofthe composition is from about 1:99 to 25:75. In other embodiments, themolar ratio of the Group I metal cation to total citric acid, citrateanion, and citric acid esters of the composition is from about 3:99 to10:99. In some aspects, the composition includes about 12 wt % to about50 wt % mixture of monoglyceryl citrate, diglyceryl citrate andtriglyceryl citrate. In still other aspects, the composition includesabout 20 wt % to about 40 wt % mixture of monoglyceryl citrate,diglyceryl citrate and triglyceryl citrate. In some aspects, thecomposition further includes about 25 wt % to about 80 wt % other highermolecular weight citric acid-based esters based on the weight of thecomposition.

In yet other aspect of the present invention, the pre-reacted product ismade by a method comprising the steps of (i) heating a mixture ofglycerol and citric acid in a molar ratio from about 1.5 molesglycerol:1 moles citric acid to less than 3 moles glycerol:1 mole citricacid at a temperature of about 115° C. to about 145° C.; and (ii)reacting the mixture from step (i) to obtain a pre-reacted product thatincludes (a) from about 5 wt % to about 25 wt % glycerol based on theweight of the pre-reacted product; (b) from about 10 wt % to about 70 wt% monoglyceryl citrate, diglyceryl citrate, and triglyceryl citratebased on the weight of the pre-reacted product and; (c) less than 5 wt %unreacted citric acid based on the weight of the pre-reacted product. Insome aspects, the composition includes about 12 wt % to about 50 wt %mixture of monoglyceryl citrate, diglyceryl citrate and triglycerylcitrate. In still other aspects, the composition includes about 20 wt %to about 40 wt % mixture of monoglyceryl citrate, diglyceryl citrate andtriglyceryl citrate. In some aspects the pre-reacted product includesfrom about 25 wt % to about 80 wt % citric acid-derived esters. In someaspects the pre-reacted product may include a Group I metal cation or acitrate anion or both.

In another aspect the pre-reacted product of the invention is made by amethod that includes the steps of (i) heating a mixture of glycerol andcitric acid in a molar ratio from about 1.5 to less than about 3 molesglycerol:1 mole citric acid at a temperature of about 115° C. to about145° C.; and (ii) reacting the mixture from step (i) to obtain areaction product comprising (a) from about 5 wt % to about 25 wt %glycerol based on the weight of the pre-reacted product; b) from about10 wt % to about 70 wt % a mixture of monoglyceryl citrate, diglycerylcitrate, and triglyceryl citrate; and (c) less than 5 wt % unreactedcitric acid based on the weight of pre-reacted product. In some aspects,the composition includes about 12 wt % to about 50 wt % mixture ofmonoglyceryl citrate, diglyceryl citrate and triglyceryl citrate. Instill other aspects, the composition includes about 20 wt % to about 40wt % mixture of monoglyceryl citrate, diglyceryl citrate and triglycerylcitrate. In some aspects, the method includes quenching the reactionwith water or an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. In still otheraspects, the method includes adding hydroxide formed from a Group Imetal cation or a citrate anion or both such as, for example, tri-sodiumcitrate, to the mixture before the reaction takes place.

In certain preferred aspects of the above embodiments, the polyol (e.g.glycerol) contains less than 500 ppm chloride ions. In other preferredaspects, the polyol contains less than 300 ppm, less than 200 ppm, lessthan 100 ppm, less than 70 ppm, or less than 50 ppm chloride ions.Reduced chloride ions concentrations may minimize corrosion concerns inproducts that incorporate a composition using a pre-reacted product ofthe present invention. In other preferred aspects of the aboveembodiments, the polyol is technical grade or USP glycerol.

It is an advantage of the present invention that the carbohydrate may beobtained from natural and renewable sources.

It is another advantage of the present binder that the use of thepre-reacted product form an alcohol or polyol with a monomeric orpolymeric carboxylic acid helps to speed the crosslinking reaction,induces faster water evaporation, decreases the viscosity of the binder,helps to reduce the amount of water needed for application of thebinder, decreases tackiness, and helps to achieve a maximum verticalexpansion of the insulation pack in the transfer zone.

It is yet another advantage of the present invention that carbohydrates(e.g., maltodextrin) are readily available and are low in cost.

It is a further advantage of the present invention that insulationproducts and non-woven mats utilizing the inventive binder compositioncan be manufactured using current manufacturing lines, thereby savingtime and money.

It is another advantage of the present invention that the bindercomposition does not require added formaldehyde.

It is also an advantage of the present invention that the finalinsulation product has a light color at low LOIs that allows the use ofdyes, pigments, or other colorants to yield a variety of colors for theinsulation product.

It is a feature of the present invention that the carbohydrate (e.g.,maltodextrin) can form an aqueous mixture that can be applied byconventional binder applicators, including spray applicators.

It is also a feature of the invention that the inventive bindercomposition can be useful for composite reinforcements, such as choppedstrands, for use in thermoplastics, thermosets, and roofingapplications. In addition, the inventive binders may be used in bothsingle and multi-end rovings.

The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of theinvention will appear more fully hereinafter from a consideration of thedetailed description that follows. It is to be expressly understood,however, that the drawings are for illustrative purposes and are not tobe construed as defining the limits of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The advantages of this invention will be apparent upon consideration ofthe following detailed disclosure of the invention, especially whentaken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the formation of a facedinsulation product with the inventive binder composition according toone exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a is an elevational view of a manufacturing line for producinga fiberglass insulation product with the inventive binder compositionwhere the insulation product does not contain a facing materialaccording to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a wet-laid processing line forforming a chopped strand mat utilizing the inventive binder compositionaccording a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 4 is a graphical illustration of the rheology data obtained fromthe inventive polyester bio-based binder containing a pre-reactedproduct of glycerol and citric acid where the glycerol and citric acidwere pre-reacted for 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h, respectively, before adding thepre-reacted product to the binder composition. Additionally, a bindercomposition with added polyglycerol was included for comparisonpurposes.

FIG. 5 is a graphical illustration of the formation of a pre-reactedproduct where glycerol and citric acid react to provide monoglycerylcitrate, diglyceryl citrate, triglyceryl citrate and other highermolecular weight citric acid-derived esters.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which the invention belongs. Although any methods andmaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used inthe practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methodsand materials are described herein. All references cited herein,including published or corresponding U.S. or foreign patentapplications, issued U.S. or foreign patents, and any other references,are each incorporated by reference in their entireties, including alldata, tables, figures, and text presented in the cited references.

In the drawings, the thickness of the lines, layers, and regions may beexaggerated for clarity. It will be understood that when an element suchas a layer, region, substrate, or panel is referred to as being “on”another element, it can be directly on the other element or interveningelements may also be present. Also, when an element is referred to asbeing “adjacent” to another element, the element may be directlyadjacent to the other element or intervening elements may be present.The terms “top”, “bottom”, “side”, and the like are used herein for thepurpose of explanation only. Like numbers found throughout the figuresdenote like elements. It is to be noted that the phrase “binder”,“bio-based binder”, “binder composition”, and “binder formulation” maybe used interchangeably herein.

The present invention relates to environmentally friendly, aqueouspolyester binder compositions that contain at least one bio-basedcomponent. In one exemplary embodiment, the bio-based component is acarbohydrate and the binder and includes a carbohydrate, a crosslinkingagent, and a pre-reacted product of an alcohol or polyol (e.g.,glycerol) and a monomeric or polymeric polycarboxylic acid. In someexemplary embodiments the carbohydrate-based binder composition alsoincludes one or more of a coupling agent, a moisture resistant agent, adust suppression agent, a catalyst, an inorganic acid or base, and/or anorganic acid or base. Additionally, at low LOIs, the binder has a light(e.g., white or tan) color after it has been cured. The binder may beused in the formation of insulation materials and non-woven choppedstrand mats. In addition, the binder is free of added formaldehyde. Theinventive binder may also be useful in forming particleboard, plywood,and/or hardboards.

In one or more exemplary embodiment, the binder includes at least onecarbohydrate that is from natural and renewable resources. For instance,the carbohydrate may be derived from plant sources such as legumes,maize, corn, waxy corn, sugar cane, milo, white milo, potatoes, sweetpotatoes, tapioca, rice, waxy rice, peas, sago, wheat, oat, barley, rye,amaranth, and/or cassava, as well as other plants that have a highstarch content. The carbohydrate polymer may also be derived from crudestarch or cellulose-containing products derived from plants that containresidues of proteins, polypeptides, lipids, and low molecular weightcarbohydrates. The carbohydrate may be selected from monosaccharides(e.g., xylose, glucose, and fructose), disaccharides (e.g., sucrose,maltose, and lactose), oligosaccharides (e.g., glucose syrup andfructose syrup), and polysaccharides and water-soluble polysaccharides(e.g., pectin, dextrin, maltodextrin, starch, modified starch, andstarch derivatives).

The carbohydrate polymer may have a number average molecular weight fromabout 1,000 to about 8,000. Additionally, the carbohydrate polymer mayhave a dextrose equivalent (DE) number from 2 to 20, from 7 to 11, orfrom 9 to 14. The carbohydrates beneficially have a low viscosity andcure at moderate temperatures (e.g., 80-250° C.) alone or withadditives. The low viscosity enables the carbohydrate to be utilized ina binder composition. In exemplary embodiments, the viscosity of thecarbohydrate may be lower than 500 cps at 50% concentration and between20 and 30° C. The use of a carbohydrate in the inventive bindercomposition is advantageous in that carbohydrates are readily availableor easily obtainable and are low in cost. In at least one exemplaryembodiment, the carbohydrate is a water-soluble polysaccharide such asdextrin or maltodextrin. The carbohydrate polymer may be present in thebinder composition in an amount from about 30% to about 95% by weight ofthe total solids in the binder composition, from about 40% to about 80%by weight, or from about 50% to about 70% by weight. As used herein, %by weight indicates % by weight of the total solids in the bindercomposition.

Another component of the binder composition is a coupling agent. In atleast one exemplary embodiment, the coupling agent is a silane couplingagent. The coupling agent(s) may be present in the polyester bindercomposition in an amount from about 0.01% to about 5.0% by weight of thetotal solids in the binder composition, from about 0.01% to about 2.5%by weight, or from about 0.1% to about 0.5% by weight. Non-limitingexamples of silane coupling agents that may be used in the bindercomposition may be characterized by the functional groups alkyl, aryl,amino, epoxy, vinyl, methacryloxy, ureido, isocyanato, and mercapto. Inexemplary embodiments, the silane coupling agent(s) include silanescontaining one or more nitrogen atoms that have one or more functionalgroups such as amine (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary),amino, imino, amido, imido, ureido, or isocyanato. Specific,non-limiting examples of suitable silane coupling agents include, butare not limited to, aminosilanes (e.g., 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilaneand 3-aminopropyl-trihydroxysilane), epoxy trialkoxysilanes (e.g.,3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and 3-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane),methyacryl trialkoxysilanes (e.g., 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilaneand 3-methacryloxypropyltriethoxysilane), hydrocarbon trialkoxysilanes,amino trihydroxysilanes, epoxy trihydroxysilanes, methacryl trihydroxysilanes, and/or hydrocarbon trihydroxysilanes. In one or more exemplaryembodiment, the silane is an aminosilane, such asγ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane.

Further exemplary coupling agents (including silane coupling agents)suitable for use in the binder composition are set forth below:

-   -   Acryl: 3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane;        3-acryloxypropyltriethoxysilane;        3-acryloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane;        3-acryloxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane;        3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane;        3-methacryloxypropyltriethoxysilane    -   Amino: aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane;        aminopropyltriethoxysilane; aminopropyltrimethoxysilane/EtOH;        aminopropyltrimethoxysilane;        N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane;        N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane;        (2-aminoethyl)-(2-aminoethyl) 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane;        N-phenylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane    -   Epoxy: 3-Glycidoxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane;        3-glycidoxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane;        3-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane;        eoxycyclohexyl)ethylmethyldimethoxysilane;        epoxycyclohexyl)ethylmethyldiethoxysilane;        2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane;        2-(3,4-Epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltriethoxysilane    -   Mercapto: 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane;        3-Mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane;        3-mercaptopropylmethyldimethoxysilane;        3-Mercaptopropylmethyldiethoxysilane    -   Sulfide: bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-tetrasulfide;        bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-disulfide    -   Vinyl: vinyltrimethoxysilane; vinyltriethoxysilane; vinyl        tris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane; vinyltrichlorosilane;        trimethylvinylsilane    -   Alkyl: methyltrimethoxysilane; methyltriethoxysilane;        dimethyldimethoxysilane; dimethyldiethoxysilane;        tetramethoxysilane; tetraethoxysilane; ethyltriethoxysilane;        n-propyltrimethoxysilane; n-propyltriethoxysilane;        isobutyltrimethoxysilane; hexyltrimethoxysilane;        hexyltriethoxysilane; octyltrimethoxysilane;        decyltrimethoxysilane; decyltriethoxysilane;        octyltriethoxysilane; tert-butyldimethylchlorosilane;        cyclohexylmethyldimethoxysilane; dicylohexyldimethoxysilane;        cyclohexylethyldimethoxysilane; t-butylmethyldimethoxysilane    -   Chloroalkyl: 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane;        3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane;        3-chloropropylmethyldimethoxysilane    -   Perfluoro: decafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl)trimethoxysilane;        ((heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl)trimethoxysilane    -   Phenyl: phenyltrimethoxysilane; phenyltriethoxysilane;        diphenyldiethoxysilane; diphenyldimethoxysilane;        diphenyldichlorosilane    -   Hydrolyzates of the silanes listed above    -   Zirconates: zirconium acetylacetonate; zirconium methacrylate    -   Titanates: tetra-methyl titanate; tetra-ethyl titanate;        tetra-n-propyl titanate; tetra-isopropyl titanate;        tetra-isobutyl titanate; tetra-sec-butyl titanate;        tetra-tert-butyl titanate; mono n-butyl, trimethyl titanate;        mono ethyl tricyclohexyl titanate; tetra-n-amyl titanate;        tetra-n-hexyl titanate; tetra-cyclopentyl titanate;        tetra-cyclohexyl titanate; tetra-n-decyl titanate; tetra        n-dodecyl titanate; tetra (2-ethyl hexyl)titanate; tetra        octylene glycol titanate ester; tetrapropylene glycol titanate        ester; tetra benzyl titanate; tetra-p-chloro benzyl titanate;        tetra 2-chloroethyl titanate; tetra 2-bromoethyl titanate; tetra        2-methoxyethyl titanate; tetra 2-ethoxyethyl titanate.

Especially suitable titanate ester stabilizers of the invention areproprietary titanate ester compositions manufactured under the tradename Tyzor® by DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc. Non-limiting examplesinclude Tyzor® titanate esters sold in the 100% form rather than assolutions, e.g., in a lower aliphatic alcohol, such as Tyzor® TBT(tetrabutyl titanate), Tyzor® TPT (tetraisopropyl titanate), and Tyzor®OG (tetraoctylene glycol titanate ester).

In addition, the polyester binder composition contains a crosslinkingagent. The crosslinking agent may be any compound suitable forcrosslinking the carbohydrate. In exemplary embodiments, thecrosslinking agent has a number average molecular weight greater than90, from about 90 to about 10,000, or from about 190 to about 4,000. Insome exemplary embodiments, the crosslinking agent has a number averagemolecular weight less than about 1000. Non-limiting examples of suitablecrosslinking agents include polycarboxylic acids (and salts thereof),anhydrides, monomeric and polymeric polycarboxylic acid with anhydride(i.e., mixed anhydrides), citric acid (and salts thereof, such asammonium citrate), 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylic acid, adipic acid (andsalts thereof), polyacrylic acid (and salts thereof), and polyacrylicacid based resins such as QXRP 1734 and Acumer 9932, both commerciallyavailable from The Dow Chemical Company. In exemplary embodiments, thecrosslinking agent may be any monomeric or polymeric polycarboxylicacid, citric acid, and their corresponding salts. The crosslinking agentmay be present in the binder composition in an amount up to about 40% byweight of the binder composition. In exemplary embodiments, thecrosslinking agent may be present in the binder composition in an amountfrom about 5.0% to about 40% by weight of the total solids in the bindercomposition, from about 10% to about 40% by weight, or from about 20% toabout 35% by weight.

In addition, the binder composition may include a pre-reacted product ofan alcohol or polyol and a monomeric or polymeric polycarboxylic acid.The alcohol or polyol includes, but is not restricted to, compounds suchas aliphatic alcohols (i.e., CH₃(CH₂)_(n)CH₂OH where n=2-16), aromaticalcohols, glycerol, polyglycerol, triethanolamine, sorbitol, ethyleneglycol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and pentaerythritol. Thepre-reacted product of an alcohol or polyol and a monomeric or polymericpolycarboxylic acid may be present in the binder composition in anamount from about 5% to about 60% by weight, from about 10% to about 40%by weight, or from about 10% to about 30% by weight.

The pre-reacted product may be a composition that includes (i) about 5wt % to about 25 wt % glycerol based on the weight of the composition;(ii) about 20 wt % to about 70 wt % mixture of monoglyceryl citrate,diglyceryl citrate and triglyceryl citrate based on the weight of thecomposition; and (iii) less than 5 wt % citric acid based on the weightof the composition. In some aspects, the pre-reacted product has aweight average molecular weight of from about 1500 to about 5000Daltons. The pre-reacted product may have a viscosity of less than about250 cP at 130° C., or less than about 200 cP at 130° C. In some aspects,the composition may include a Group I metal cation or a citrate anion orboth. In these aspects, the molar ratio of the Group I metal cation tototal citric acid, citrate anion, and glycerol-citric acid esters in thepre-reacted product is from about 1:99 to 25:75. In other aspects, themolar ratio of the Group I metal cation to total citric acid, citrateanion, and glycerol-citric acid esters in the pre-reacted product isfrom about 3:99 to 10:99. In some embodiments, the composition mayinclude about 25 wt % to about 80% higher molecular weight citricacid-based esters. Suitable pre-reacted products are reported in U.S.Application No [Attorney Docket No. N00122 (CAR0109/P1)] titled“Bio-based Pre-reacted Product of a Polyol and a Monomeric or PolymericPolycarboxylic Acid” filed Apr. 7, 2011 and incorporated herein for thepurposes of describing pre-reacted products that may be suitable for usein the present invention.

In other aspects, the pre-reacted product may be a composition thatincludes (i) about 5 wt % to about 25 wt % glycerol based on the weightof the composition; (ii) about 20 wt % to about 70 wt % mixture ofmonoglyceryl citrate, diglyceryl citrate and triglyceryl citrate basedon the weight of the composition; and (iii) a Group I metal cation or acitrate anion or both, wherein the molar ratio of the cation to totalcitric acid, citrate anion, monoglyceryl citrate, diglyceryl citrate andtriglyceryl citrate in the pre-reacted product is from about 1:99 to25:75. In still other aspects, wherein the molar ratio of the cation tototal citric acid, citrate anion, monoglyceryl citrate, diglycerylcitrate and triglyceryl citrate in the pre-reacted product is from about3:99 to 10:99.

The pre-reacted product typically is made by heating a mixture ofglycerol and citric acid in a molar ratio from about 1.5 molesglycerol:1 moles citric acid to less than 3 moles glycerol:1 molescitric acid at a temperature of about 115° C. to about 145° C. Themixture of glycerol and citric acid may be heated under vacuum, atambient pressures, or under pressure in a sealed reaction vessel. FIG. 5provides a graphical illustration of the formation of a pre-reactedproduct made from glycerol and citric acid. Glycerol is heated to about80° C. and citric acid is added to the heated glycerol. The amount ofglycerol and citric acid in the mixture at the time the mixture reachesthe reaction time are illustrated by the labeled peaks 1 and 2 in FIG. 5(t0, after adding citric acid to the glycerol at 80° C.). After thetemperature of the glycerol and citric acid mixture reaches about120-140° C., the glycerol and citric acid react to form a mixture ofmonoglyceryl citrate, diglyceryl citrate, triglyceryl citrate and othercitric acid-based esters that have a molecular weight greater than themono-, di-, and triglyceryl citrates. These reactants and reactionproducts are illustrated by the labeled peaks 3, 4 and 5 in FIG. 5 afterreacting for about 45 minutes (t45). As the reaction proceeds,essentially all of the citric acid reacts, however the pre-reactedproduct still includes about 5-25 wt % unreacted glycerol as illustratedby labeled peak 6 in FIG. 5 after reacting for 5 hours (t300). Thereaction or disappearance of citric acid in the mixture is illustratedby the disappearance or absence of the labeled peak 2. The labeled peaks7, 8 and 9 also illustrate the formation of the mono-, di- andtriglyceryl esters and citric acid-based esters having molecular weightsgreater the mono-, di- and triglyceryl ester. Suitable reaction timesare from about 1.5 hours to 24 hours. In some aspects, the reactionproceeds until there is less than 25% unreacted glycerol. In otheraspects, the reaction proceeds until there is less than 15% unreactedglycerol. In still other aspects, a Metal I cation, a citrate anion, orboth are included in the reaction mixture. The pH of the pre-reactedproduct can be adjusted to be in a range of about 0.5 to about 6, insome aspects preferably adjusted in a range of about 0.5 to 4, or inother aspects preferably adjusted in a range of about 1.9 to 2.6.

The various components of the composition illustrated by FIG. 5 werereadily determined by diluted an aliquot of the mixture of glycerol andcitric acid with 100 parts by weight of a 0.01 N sulfuric acid solutionand then analyzing the diluted aliquot by HPLC using a BioRad 87H columnat a temperature of 60° C. at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min using arefractive index detector.

If desired, the reaction can be quenched with either water or an aqueoussolution of sodium hydroxide after the reaction has been going for apre-determined period of time. When the reaction is quenched with wateror with a solution of sodium hydroxide, typically having a temperatureof less than 100° C., generally less than 15 wt % of the solution basedon the weight of the reaction mixture is added. In other embodiments,less than 10 wt %, or less than 5 wt %, of the solution based on theweight of the reaction mixture is added. Some embodiments of thequenched reaction product have about 5 wt % water and from about 3 wt %to about 20 wt % glycerol. The viscosities of the diluted reactionmixtures, when measured at 25° C., may range from about 35,000 cP for 5w % added water to about 1,600 cP for 15 wt % added water.

The reaction conditions and processes set out above provide apre-reacted product that includes (a) from about 5 wt % to about 25 wt %glycerol; (b) from about 10 wt % to about 70 wt % monoglyceryl citrate,diglyceryl citrate, and triglyceryl citrate; (c) and less than 5 wt %unreacted citric acid. The pre-reacted product may include a Metal Ication, a citrate anion, or both as well as higher molecule weightcitric acid-based esters. A suitable Metal I cation, for example, issodium (which typically is derived from the reaction of sodium hydroxidewith citric acid and/or from tri-sodium citrate). A suitable citrateanion, for example, is tri-sodium citrate.

In an alternate embodiment, the binder composition may include apolyglycerol, such as OxiCure® 520, OxiCure® 510, and OxiCure® 500 (eachis available from Cargill) in lieu of, or in addition to, thepre-reacted product. The polyglycerol not only serves as a process aid,it provides for better ramp quality and improved water resistance of thefinal product. The polyglycerol may be present in the binder compositionin an amount from about 5% to about 40% by weight of the total solids inthe binder composition, from about 10% to about 30% by weight, or fromabout 10% to about 15% by weight.

Optionally, the binder composition may include a catalyst to assist inthe crosslinking. The catalyst may include inorganic salts, Lewis acids(i.e., aluminum chloride or boron trifluoride), Bronsted acids (i.e.,sulfuric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid and boric acid) organometalliccomplexes (i.e., lithium carboxylates, sodium carboxylates), and/orLewis bases (i.e., polyethyleneimine, diethylamine, or triethylamine).Additionally, the catalyst may include an alkali metal salt of aphosphorous-containing organic acid; in particular, alkali metal saltsof phosphorus acid, hypophosphorus acid, or polyphosphoric acids.Examples of such phosphorus catalysts include, but are not limited to,sodium hypophosphite, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, disodiumpyrophosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate,sodium hexamethaphosphate, potassium phosphate, potassiumtripolyphosphate, sodium trimetaphosphate, sodium tetramethaphosphate,and mixtures thereof. In addition, the catalyst or cure accelerator maybe a fluoroborate compound such as fluoroboric acid, sodiumtetrafluoroborate, potassium tetrafluoroborate, calciumtetrafluoroborate, magnesium tetrafluoroborate, zinc tetrafluoroborate,ammonium tetrafluoroborate, and mixtures thereof. Further, the catalystmay be a mixture of phosphorus and fluoroborate compounds. Other sodiumsalts such as, sodium sulfate, sodium nitrate, sodium carbonate may alsoor alternatively be used as the catalyst/accelerator. The catalyst orcure accelerator may be present in the binder composition in an amountfrom about 0% to about 10% by weight of the total solids in the bindercomposition, from about 1.0% to about 5.0% by weight, or from about 3.0%to about 5.0% by weight.

The binder may also include organic and/or inorganic acids and bases inan amount sufficient to adjust the pH to a desired level. The pH may beadjusted depending on the intended application, or to facilitate thecompatibility of the ingredients of the binder composition. In exemplaryembodiments, the pH adjuster is utilized to adjust the pH of the bindercomposition to an acidic pH. Examples of suitable acidic pH adjustersinclude inorganic acids such as, but not limited to sulfuric acid,phosphoric acid and boric acid and also organic acids like mono- orpoly-carboxylic acids, such as, but not limited to, citric acid, aceticacid, anhydrides thereof, and their corresponding salts. Also, inorganicsalts that can be acid precursors may be utilized. The acid adjusts thepH, and in some instances, as discussed above, acts as a crosslinkingagent. The pH of the binder may range from about 1 to about 7, fromabout 2 to about 5, or from about 2 to about 4. In at least oneexemplary embodiment, the pH of the binder composition is about 3. ThepH adjuster in an acidic binder composition may be present in the bindercomposition in an amount sufficient to obtain the desired pH.

The binder may also include a dust suppression agent such as a mineraloil, vegetable oil, peanut oil, silicone, and the like. In embodimentswhere a dust suppression agent is utilized, the dust suppression agentmay be present in the binder composition in an amount from about 0.1 toabout 5% by glass weight, from about 0.5 to about 2.0%, or from about1.0% from about 3.0% by weight.

Further, the binder composition may contain a moisture resistant agent,such as alum, aluminum sulfate, latex, a silicon emulsion, reactivesilicone emulsion, a hydrophobic polymer emulsion (e.g., polyethyleneemulsion or polyester emulsion), and mixtures thereof. In at least oneexemplary embodiment, the latex system is an aqueous latex emulsion. Thelatex emulsion includes latex particles that are typically produced byemulsion polymerization. In addition to the latex particles, the latexemulsion may include water, a stabilizer such as ammonia, and asurfactant. The moisture resistant agent may be present in the bindercomposition in an amount from about 0% to about 20% by weight of thetotal solids in the binder composition, from about 5.0% to about 10% byweight, or from about 5.0% to about 7.0% by weight.

The binder may optionally contain conventional additives such as, butnot limited to corrosion inhibitors, dyes, pigments, fillers, colorants,UV stabilizers, thermal stabilizers, anti-foaming agents, anti-oxidants,emulsifiers, preservatives (e.g., sodium benzoate), biocides,fungicides, and mixtures thereof. Other additives may be added to thebinder composition for the improvement of process and productperformance. Such additives include lubricants, wetting agents,surfactants, antistatic agents, and/or water repellent agents. Additivesmay be present in the binder composition from trace amounts (such as<about 0.1% by weight the binder composition) up to about 10.0% byweight of the total solids in the binder composition. In some exemplaryembodiments, the additives are present in an amount from about 0.1% toabout 5.0% by weight of the total solids in the binder composition, fromabout 1.0% to about 4.0% by weight, or from about 1.5% to about 3.0% byweight.

The binder further includes water to dissolve or disperse the activesolids for application onto the reinforcement fibers. Water may be addedin an amount sufficient to dilute the aqueous binder composition to aviscosity that is suitable for its application to the reinforcementfibers and to achieve a desired solids content on the fibers. Inparticular, the binder composition may contain water in an amount fromabout 50% to about 98.0% by weight of the total solids in the bindercomposition.

The binder composition may be made by dissolving or dispersing thecrosslinking agent in water to form a mixture. Next, the carbohydratemay be mixed with the crosslinking agent in the mixture to form thebinder composition. If desired, a cure accelerator (i.e., catalyst) maybe added to the binder composition. The pre-reacted product (e.g.,reacted product of an alcohol or polyol and a monomeric or polymericpolycarboxylic acid) may be added to the binder composition after thecrosslinking agent, after which, the coupling agent(s), dust suppressionagent (e.g., mineral oil), and any desired additives may be added. Thebinder composition may be further diluted with water to obtain a desiredamount of solids. If necessary, the pH of the mixture may be adjusted tothe desired pH level with organic and inorganic acids and bases.

In the broadest aspect of the invention, the polyester bio-based bindercomposition is formed of a carbohydrate (e.g., maltodextrin), acrosslinking agent (e.g., polyacrylic acid or citric acid), and apre-reacted product that is the reaction product of an alcohol or polyolwith a monomeric or polymeric polycarboxylic acid. The range ofcomponents used in the inventive binder composition according toembodiments of the invention is set forth in Table 1.

TABLE 1 % By Weight Component of Total Solids Carbohydrate 30-95Crosslinking Agent  1-40 Pre-Reacted Product⁽¹⁾  5-50 ⁽¹⁾pre-reactedproduct of an alcohol or polyol and a monomeric or polymericpolycarboxylic acid

Aqueous binder compositions according to other exemplary embodiments ofthe present invention are set forth in Table 2.

TABLE 2 % By Weight Component of Total Solids Carbohydrate 30-95 SilaneCoupling Agent  1-40 Crosslinking Agent  1-40 Pre-Reacted Product⁽¹⁾ 5-50 ⁽¹⁾pre-reacted product of an alcohol or polyol and a monomeric orpolymeric polycarboxylic acid

Aqueous binder compositions according to further embodiments of thepresent invention are set forth in Table 3.

TABLE 3 % By Weight Component of Total Solids Carbohydrate 30-95 SilaneCoupling Agent  1-40 Crosslinking Agent  1-40 Pre-Reacted Product⁽¹⁾ 5-50 Catalyst/accelerator  1-10 ⁽¹⁾pre-reacted product of an alcohol orpolyol and a monomeric or polymeric polycarboxylic acid

In one exemplary embodiment, the binder composition is used to form aninsulation product. Fibrous insulation products are generally formed ofmatted inorganic fibers bonded together by a cured thermoset polymericmaterial. Examples of suitable inorganic fibers include glass fibers,wool glass fibers, and ceramic fibers. Optionally, other reinforcingfibers such as natural fibers and/or synthetic fibers such as polyester,polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polyamide,aramid, and/or polyaramid fibers may be present in the insulationproduct in addition to the glass fibers. The term “natural fiber” asused in conjunction with the present invention refers to plant fibersextracted from any part of a plant, including, but not limited to, thestem, seeds, leaves, roots, or phloem. Examples of natural fiberssuitable for use as the reinforcing fiber material include basalt,cotton, jute, bamboo, ramie, bagasse, hemp, coir, linen, kenaf, sisal,flax, henequen, and combinations thereof. Insulation products may beformed entirely of one type of fiber, or they may be formed of acombination of types of fibers. For example, the insulation product maybe formed of combinations of various types of glass fibers or variouscombinations of different inorganic fibers and/or natural fibersdepending on the desired application for the insulation. The embodimentsdescribed herein are with reference to insulation products formedentirely of glass fibers.

The manufacture of glass fiber insulation may be carried out in acontinuous process by fiberizing molten glass, immediately forming afibrous glass batt on a moving conveyor, and curing the binder on thefibrous glass insulation batt to form an insulation blanket as depictedin FIGS. 1 and 2. Glass may be melted in a tank (not shown) and suppliedto a fiber forming device such as a fiberizing spinner 15. The spinners15 are rotated at high speeds. Centrifugal force causes the molten glassto pass through holes in the circumferential sidewalls of the fiberizingspinners 15 to form glass fibers. Glass fibers 30 of random lengths maybe attenuated from the fiberizing spinners 15 and blown generallydownwardly, that is, generally perpendicular to the plane of thespinners 15, by blowers 20 positioned within a forming chamber 25. It isto be appreciated that the glass fibers 30 may be the same type of glassor they may be formed of different types of glass. It is also within thepurview of the present invention that at least one of the fibers 30formed from the fiberizing spinners 15 is a dual glass fiber where eachindividual fiber is formed of two different glass compositions.

The blowers 20 turn the fibers 30 downward to form a fibrous batt 40.The glass fibers 30 may have a diameter from about 2 to about 9 microns,or from about 3 to about 6 microns. The small diameter of the glassfibers 30 helps to give the final insulation product a soft feel andflexibility.

The glass fibers, while in transit in the forming chamber 25 and whilestill hot from the drawing operation, are sprayed with the inventiveaqueous binder composition by an annular spray ring 35 so as to resultin a distribution of the binder composition throughout the formedinsulation pack 40 of fibrous glass. Water may also be applied to theglass fibers 30 in the forming chamber 25, such as by spraying, prior tothe application of the aqueous binder composition to at least partiallycool the glass fibers 30. The binder may be present in an amount fromless than or equal to 30% by weight of the total product.

The glass fibers 30 having the uncured resinous binder adhered theretomay be gathered and formed into an uncured insulation pack 40 on anendless forming conveyor 45 within the forming chamber 25 with the aidof a vacuum (not shown) drawn through the fibrous pack 40 from below theforming conveyor 45. The residual heat from the glass fibers 30 and theflow of air through the fibrous pack 40 during the forming operation aregenerally sufficient to volatilize a majority of the water from thebinder before the glass fibers 30 exit the forming chamber 25, therebyleaving the remaining components of the binder on the fibers 30 as aviscous or semi-viscous high-solids liquid.

The coated fibrous pack 40, which is in a compressed state due to theflow of air through the pack 40 in the forming chamber 25, is thentransferred out of the forming chamber 25 under exit roller 50 to atransfer zone 55 where the pack 40 vertically expands due to theresiliency of the glass fibers. The expanded insulation pack 40 is thenheated, such as by conveying the pack 40 through a curing oven 60 whereheated air is blown through the insulation pack 40 to evaporate anyremaining water in the binder, cure the binder, and rigidly bond thefibers together. Heated air is forced though a fan 75 through the loweroven conveyor 70, the insulation pack 40, the upper oven conveyor 65,and out of the curing oven 60 through an exhaust apparatus 80. The curedbinder imparts strength and resiliency to the insulation blanket 10. Itis to be appreciated that the drying and curing of the binder may becarried out in either one or two different steps. The two stage(two-step) process is commonly known as B-staging.

Also, in the curing oven 60, the insulation pack 40 may be compressed byupper and lower foraminous oven conveyors 65, 70 to form a fibrousinsulation blanket 10. It is to be appreciated that the insulationblanket 10 has an upper surface and a lower surface. In particular, theinsulation blanket 10 has two major surfaces, typically a top and bottomsurface, and two minor or side surfaces with fiber blanket 10 orientedso that the major surfaces have a substantially horizontal orientation.The upper and lower oven conveyors 65, 70 may be used to compress theinsulation pack 40 to give the insulation blanket 10 a predeterminedthickness. It is to be appreciated that although FIG. 1 depicts theconveyors 65, 70 as being in a substantially parallel orientation, theymay alternatively be positioned at an angle relative to each other (notillustrated).

The curing oven 60 may be operated at a temperature from about 100° C.to about 325° C., or from about 250° C. to about 300° C. The insulationpack 40 may remain within the oven for a period of time sufficient tocrosslink (cure) the binder and form the insulation blanket 10. Theinventive binder composition cures at a temperature that is lower thanthe curing temperature of conventional formaldehyde binders. This lowercuring temperature requires less energy to heat the insulation pack, andnon-woven chopped strand mat described in detail below, which results inlower manufacturing costs.

A facing material 93 may then be placed on the insulation blanket 10 toform a facing layer 95. Non-limiting examples of suitable facingmaterials 93 include Kraft paper, a foil-scrim-Kraft paper laminate,recycled paper, and calendared paper. The facing material 93 may beadhered to the surface of the insulation blanket 10 by a bonding agent(not shown) to form a faced insulation product 97. Suitable bondingagents include adhesives, polymeric resins, asphalt, and bituminousmaterials that can be coated or otherwise applied to the facing material93. The faced fibrous insulation 97 may subsequently be rolled forstorage and/or shipment or cut into predetermined lengths by a cuttingdevice (not illustrated). Such faced insulation products may be used,for example, as panels in basement finishing systems, as ductwrap,ductboard, as faced residential insulation, and as pipe insulation. Itis to be appreciated that, in some exemplary embodiments, the insulationblanket 10 that emerges from the oven 60 is rolled onto a take-up rollor cut into sections having a desired length and is not faced with afacing material 93. Optionally, the insulation blanket 10 may be slitinto layers and by a slitting device and then cut to a desired length(not illustrated).

A significant portion of the insulation placed in the insulationcavities of buildings is in the form of insulation blankets rolled frominsulation products such as is described above. Faced insulationproducts are installed with the facing placed flat on the edge of theinsulation cavity, typically on the interior side of the insulationcavity. Insulation products where the facing is a vapor retarder arecommonly used to insulate wall, floor, or ceiling cavities that separatea warm interior space from a cold exterior space. The vapor retarder isplaced on one side of the insulation product to retard or prohibit themovement of water vapor through the insulation product.

The presence of water, dust, and/or other microbial nutrients in theinsulation product 10 may support the growth and proliferation ofmicrobial organisms. Bacterial and/or mold growth in the insulationproduct may cause odor, discoloration, and deterioration of theinsulation product 10, such as, for example, deterioration of the vaporbarrier properties of the Kraft paper facing. To inhibit the growth ofunwanted microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and/or mold in theinsulation product 10, the insulation pack 40 may be treated with one ormore anti-microbial agents, fungicides, and/or biocides. Theanti-microbial agents, fungicides, and/or biocides may be added duringmanufacture or in a post manufacture process of the insulation product10. It is to be appreciated that the insulation product using theinventive binder composition can be a fiberglass batt as depicted, or asloosefill insulation, ductboard, ductliner, or pipe wrap (not depictedin the Figures).

In a second embodiment of the present invention, the binder compositionmay be used to form a non-woven chopped strand mat. In particular,binder is added during the formation of the chopped strand mat in awet-laid mat processing line. One exemplary process of separately addingthe coupling agent to the chopped strand mat is depicted in FIG. 3. Itis to be appreciated that reference is made herein to glass fibers,although the chopped strand mat could be formed of, or include,non-glass fibers. Chopped glass fibers 110 may be provided to aconveying apparatus such as a conveyor 112 by a storage container 114for conveyance to a mixing tank 116 that contains various surfactants,viscosity modifiers, defoaming agents, and/or other chemical agents withagitation to disperse the fibers and form a chopped glass fiber slurry(not shown). The glass fiber slurry may be transferred to a head box 118where the slimy is deposited onto a conveying apparatus such as a movingscreen or foraminous conveyor 120 and a substantial portion of the waterfrom the slurry is removed to form a web (mat) 122 of enmeshed fibers.The water may be removed from the web 122 by a conventional vacuum orair suction system (not shown).

The inventive binder 124 is applied to the web 122 by a suitable binderapplicator, such as the spray applicator 126 or a curtain coater (notillustrated). Once the binder 124 has been applied to the mat 122, thebinder coated mat 128 is passed through at least one drying oven 130 toremove any remaining water and cure the binder composition 124. Theformed non-woven chopped strand mat 132 that emerges from the oven 130is an assembly of randomly oriented, dispersed, individual glass fibers.The chopped strand mat 132 may be rolled onto a take-up roll 134 forstorage for later use as illustrated. The non-woven mat can be used inroofing, flooring, ceiling, wall applications, as filters, in groundbased vehicles, and in aircraft.

There are numerous advantages provided by the inventive binderformulations. For example, unlike conventional urea-formaldehydebinders, inventive binders may have a light color after curing. Inaddition, the carbohydrate is natural in origin and derived fromrenewable resources. By lowering or eliminating formaldehyde emission,the overall volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted in the workplaceare reduced. Additionally, because carbohydrates are relativelyinexpensive, the insulation product or chopped fiber mat can bemanufactured at a lower cost. Also, the pre-reacted product helps tospeed the crosslinking reaction, induces faster water evaporation,decreases the viscosity of the binder, helps to reduce the amount ofwater needed for application of the binder, decreases tackiness, andhelps to achieve a maximum vertical expansion of the insulation pack inthe transfer zone. Further, the binder has low to no odor, making itmore desirable to work with.

Having generally described this invention, a further understanding canbe obtained by reference to certain specific examples illustrated belowwhich are provided for purposes of illustration only and are notintended to be all inclusive or limiting unless otherwise specified.

EXAMPLES Example 1

The effect on the ramp height of adding a pre-reacted glycerol-citricacid (GlyCA) to the binder mix is depicted in Table 3. As can be seen inTable 3, the addition of GlyCA improved ramp quality and ramp heightwhen varying the ratios of the components without the need of additionalwater, which could require more water evaporation during curing (andlonger curing times). It was noted that the results can vary dependingon how long the glycerol-citric acid were pre-reacted (e.g., 1 h, 2 h or3 h).

TABLE 3 Ramp Height Measured While Making R-20 Fiberglass InsulationUsing Polyester Bio-Based Binders Ramp Formulation Height (in) 70:10:20MD-CA-lyCA w/5% SHP 12.20 60:10:30 MD-CA-GlyCA w/5% SHP 12.99 50:20:30MD-CA-GlyCA w/5% SHP 17.32 **MD = maltodextrin, CA = citric acid, GlyCA= pre-reacted glycerol/citric acid, SHP = sodium hypophosphite

Example 2 Pre-Reacted Product of Glycerol and Citric Acid

General procedure. Glycerol (USP grade) is added to a reaction vesselfitted with a temperature probe and agitator. The amount of glycerol isselected to provide a molar ratio of glycerol to citric acid of about1.5-3:1. The glycerol is heated to a reaction temperature of about 115°C. to about 145° C. As the glycerol reaches a temperature of about 80°C., citric acid is added to the reaction vessel in small portions. Thereaction is allowed to proceed for about 1.5 hours to about 24 hours.The reaction may be quenched with water or an aqueous sodium hydroxidesolution if desired.

Using the general conditions above, 13 samples were prepared. Theproperties of these samples are provided in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Glycerol:total citric/citrate Temp Relative % ConversionGlycerol remaining Exp # (molar ratio) (° C.) Other conditions(reduction of glycerol) (g gly/g product) 1007-006 2:1 130 75% @ 8 hrs0.13 1007-011 2:1 140 75% @ 3 hrs 0.13 1008-002 2:1 120 70% @ 6 hrs 0.151008-004 2:1 120 72% @ 5 hrs 0.14 1008-005 3:1 130 69% @ 23.5 hrs 0.181008-006 3:1 140 71% @ 9.75 hrs 0.17 1008-012 2.5:1   120 76% @ 22.5 hrs0.13 1009-002 2:1 130 74% @ 3 hrs 0.12 1009-003 3:2 130 82% @ 1.5 hrs0.07 1009-007 2:1 130 2:1 citric:trisodium citrate 49% @ 4.5 hrs 0.231009-009 2:1 130 5:1 citric:trisodium citrate 64% @ 3.5 hrs, 0.17 (3.5hours), 68% @ 19 hrs 0.15 (19 hours) 1009-011 2:1 130 11:1citric:trisodium citrate 72% @ 3 hrs, 0.13 (3 hours), 75% @ 23.5 hrs0.12 (23.5 hours) 1009-012 3:2 130 5:1 citric:trisodium citrate 73% @2.5 hrs, 0.11 (2.5 hours), 77% @ 18.5 hrs 0.09 (18.5 hours) RelativeComposition (Area %) Mw Information* mono/di/tri Exp # pH Mn Mw PDesters Higher Mw esters Glycerol 1007-006 0.9 2684 2136 1.69 23 65 121007-011   1-1.5 22 66 12 1008-002 — 28 58 14 1008-004 1.2-1.4 28 59 131008-005 — 1910 2126 1.51 17 64 16 1008-006 1.8-2.2 14 70 16 1008-0121.5 18 70 12 1009-002 0.8 34 54 12 1009-003 — 3613 3259 1.46 28 66 61009-007 — 47 33 20 1009-009 4.2 33 52 15 1009-011 4.3 24 65 11 1009-0123.6 3113 4057 1.3 32 59 9 *Mw were determined by using the Dionex P680Pump and Shimadzu RID-6A and Polylab SEC offline software under thefollowing conditions: Temperature: (30° C.) Eluent and Solvent: 0.1MNaNo3 in DI water Sample Conc: 0.40% Injection Volume: 20 μl Flow rate:0.5 ml/minute Columns: Guard column: 08033-TSKgel Guard PWxl TOSOHBioscience SEC columns 1) TSK-GEL G4000pwxl 2) G3000pwxl and 3)G2500pwxl Standards: Polymer Laboratories PEG/PEO Easivial (Mw range1258000-194)

Example 3

A pre-reacted product of glycerol and citric acid was made by heating 10kg of glycerol combined with 10.4 kg of anhydrous citric acid in achemical reactor at 130° C. for 1, 2, or 3 hours under ambientconditions. For most of the binder compositions, the GlyCA was dissolvedin water to a 50% concentration prior to be used. FIG. 4 illustrates therheology data obtained from the polyester bio-based binders containing apre-reacted product of glycerol and citric acid where the glycerol andcitric acid were pre-reacted for 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h, respectively, beforeadding the pre-reacted product to the binder composition. Additionally,a binder composition with added polyglycerol was included in FIG. 4 forcomparison purposes.

Example 4

The binder formulations set forth in Table 5 were utilized to formhandsheets in the manner described in detail below. The nonwovenfiberglass handsheets were dried and cured for three minutes at 400° F.The tensile strength, the Loss on Ignition (LOI), and the tensilestrength divided by the LOT (tensile strength/LOI) for each sample wasdetermined under ambient and steam conditions. The tensile strength wasmeasured using Instron. The loss on ignition (LOI) of the reinforcingfibers is the reduction in weight experienced by the fibers afterheating them to a temperature sufficient to burn or pyrolyze the organicsize from the fibers. The loss on ignition was measured according to theprocedure set forth in TAPPI T-1013 OM06, Loss on Ignition of FiberglassMats (2006). To place the handsheet in a steam environment, thehandsheets were placed in an autoclave at 240° F. at a pressure between400 and 500 psi for 30 minutes.

The handsheets were made according to the following procedure. Firstwater is added to a bucket (approximately 5 liters). To this water, 8drops of NALCO dispersant 01NM 159 was added. A pneumatic stirrer waslowered into the bucket and set at a slow speed so as to stir but notproduce foam. To this stirring mixture, wet chop glass fibers (8 grams)were added and allowed to stir for 5 minutes. A screen catch was placedin a 12×12×12 inch 40 liter Williams standard pulp testing apparatus(a.k.a. a deckle box) and the box was closed. The deckle box was thenfilled with water to the “3” mark and a plate stirrer was placed in thedeckle box. To the water in the decide box, a 0.5% wt. solution ofpolyacrylamide, NALCO 7768, (80 grams) was added and mixed untildissolved using the plate stirrer. After the glass fiber water hadstirred for 5 minutes, a 0.5% wt. solution of polyacrylamide, NALCO 7768(80 grams) was added and stirred at low speed for one minute, afterwhich the stirring speed was set to the highest setting and allowed tostir for an additional 2 minutes. The glass fiber solution is thenimmediately dumped into the deckle box and stirred with the platestirrer for 10 rapid strokes. At this point, the valve on the deckle boxwas depressed until the decide box was empty. After the deckle box wasdrained, the box was opened and the screen with the handsheet wasremoved from the base by holding opposite corners of the screen. Thescreen was then placed on a wooden frame and the bio-based binder wasapplied to the handsheet using a roll coater. Excess binder was thenvacuumed off. The binder-coated handsheet was placed into an oven forcuring and cut into one inch strips. These strips were placed in adesiccator overnight.

The results of this experiment are set forth in Table 6.

TABLE 5 Handsheets Made With Polyester Bio-Based Binders and AdditivesSample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 60:20:20 MD- 55:15:30 MD- 55:25:20MD- 60:30:10 MD- CA-GlyCA CA-GlyCA CA-GlyCA CA-PolyGly Component w/5%SHP w/5% SHP w/5% SHP w/5% SHP Maltodextrin 57.9 g 53.1 g 53.1 g 62.1 g(50% Solids) Citric Acid 9.7 g 7.2 g 12.1 g 13.3 g (100% Solids) Sodium2.9 g 2.9 g 2.9 g 2.7 g Hypophosphite (83% Solids) gamma-aminopropyl-7.6 g 7.6 g 7.6 g 7.6 g trihydroxy-silane (1.24% solution) GlyCA (50%Solids) 19.3 g 28.9 g 19.3 g OxiCure 520 4.4 g (100% Solids) Water 502.5g 500.1 g 504.9 g 509.9 g Total (g) 600 g 600 g 600 g 600 g **MD =maltodextrin, CA = citric acid, GlyCA = pre-reacted glycerol/citricacid, SHP = sodium hypophosphite, OxiCure 520 is a polyglycerolcommercially available from Cargill.

TABLE 6 Mechanical Properties of Handsheets Made with PolyesterBio-Based Binders and Additives Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 460:20:20 55:15:30 55:25:20 60:30:10 MD-CA- MD-CA- MD-CA- MD-CA- GlyCAGlyCA GlyCA PolyGly w/5% SHP w/5% SHP w/5% SHP w/5% SHP Tensile Strength4.9 4.8 4.6 4.6 (lbf) LOI (%) 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.6 Tensile/LOI 1.3 1.3 1.31.3 **MD = maltodextrin, CA = citric acid, GlyCA = pre-reactedglycerol/citric acid, SHP = sodium hypophosphite, OxiCure 520 is apolyglycerol commercially available from Cargill.

From the data set forth in Tables 5 and 6, it was concluded that thesebinder formulations achieved good performance on handsheets.

The binder formulations set forth in Table 7 were utilized to form R-19fiberglass insulation batts in a manner known by those of skill in theart. The R-19 fiberglass insulation batts had a target 6% LOT and werecured at 510° F. The mechanical properties of the batts at the end ofthe line were determined under ambient conditions. The results are setforth in Table 8.

TABLE 7 Binder Formulations for R-19 Insulation Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample3 Sample 4 Sample 3 60:20:20 60:10:30 50:30:20 63:27:10 60:25:15 MD-CA-MD-CA- MD-CA- MD-CA- MD-CA- GlyCA GlyCA GlyCA PolyGly PolyGly Componentw/5% SHP w/5% SHP w/5% SHP w/5% SHP w/5% SHP Maltodextrin 39.3 lbs 39.3lbs 32.8 lbs 41.3 lbs 39.0 lbs (50% Solids) Citric Acid 13.1 lbs 6.6 lbs19.7 lbs 17.7 lbs 16.7 lbs (50% Solids) Sodium 3.9 lbs 3.9 lbs 3.9 lbs3.5 lbs 3.4 lbs Hypophosphite (41.5% Solids) GlyCA 13.1 lbs 19.7 lbs13.1 lbs (50% Solids) OxiCure ® 520 3.4 lbs 5.2 lbs (100% Solids) OilEmulsion 12.8 lbs 12.8 lbs 12.8 lbs 12.8 lbs 12.8 lbs (50% Solids)gamma- 0.3 lbs 0.3 lbs 0.3 lbs 0.3 lbs 0.3 lbs aminopropyl-trihydroxy-silane (24.8% solution) Water 339 lbs 339 lbs 339 lbs 343 lbs344 lbs **MD = maltodextrin, CA = citric acid, GlyCA = pre-reactedglycerol/citric acid, SHP = sodium hypophosphite, OxiCure 520 is apolyglycerol commercially available from Cargill.

TABLE 8 Binder Formulations for R-19 Insulation Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample3 Sample 4 Sample 3 60:20:20 60:10:30 50:30:20 63:27:10 60:25:15 MD-CA-MD-CA- MD-CA- MD-CA- MD-CA- GlyCA GlyCA GlyCA PolyGly PolyGly w/5% SHPw/5% SHP w/5% SHP w/5% SEP w/5% SHP Stiffness/ 39 46 38 36 38 Sag(degree) Recovery 5.9 5.9 5.8 6.6 6.7 (in) **MD = maltodextrin, CA =citric acid, GlyCA = pre-reacted glycerol/citric acid, SHP = sodiumhypophosphite, OxiCure 520 is a polyglycerol commercially available fromCargill.

From the data presented in Tables 7 and 8, it was concluded that thesebinder formulations could be cured under typical manufacturingconditions and achieved good product performance.

The invention of this application has been described above bothgenerically and with regard to specific embodiments. Although theinvention has been set forth in what is believed to be the preferredembodiments, a wide variety of alternatives known to those of skill inthe art can be selected within the generic disclosure. The invention isnot otherwise limited, except for the recitation of the claims set forthbelow.

1-52. (canceled)
 53. An aqueous binder composition for use in theformation of fiberglass insulation and non-woven mats comprising: atleast one carbohydrate; at least one crosslinking agent; andpolyglycerol.
 54. (canceled)
 55. The binder composition of claim 53,wherein said crosslinking agent is selected from the group consisting ofpolycarboxylic acids, salts of polycarboxylic acid, anhydrides,monomeric carboxylic acid with anhydride, polycarboxylic acid withanhydride, citric acid, salts of citric acid, adipic acid, salts ofadipic acid, polyacrylic acid, salts of polyacrylic acid, polyacrylicacid based resins and combinations thereof.
 56. (canceled) 57.(canceled)
 58. The binder composition of claim 53, wherein said bindercomposition comprises: from about 30.0% to about 95.0% by weight of thetotal solids of said at least one carbohydrate; from about 1.0% to about40.0% by weight of the total solids of said at least one crosslinkingagent; and from about 5.0% to about 40.0% by weight of the total solidsof said polyglycerol.
 59. A fibrous insulation product comprising: aplurality of randomly oriented fibers; and a binder composition appliedto at least a portion of said fibers, said binder composition comprisingthe reaction product of: at least one carbohydrate; at least onecrosslinking agent; and polyglycerol.
 60. The fibrous insulation productof claim 59, wherein said binder composition in a cured state comprisesat least one polyester.
 61. (canceled)
 62. (canceled)
 63. (canceled) 64.The fibrous insulation product of claim 59, wherein said insulationproduct is free of added formaldehyde.
 65. A non-woven mat comprising: aplurality of randomly oriented glass fibers in the form of a mat havinga first major surface and a second major surface; and a bindercomposition at least partially coating said first major surface of saidmat, said binder composition comprising the reaction product of: atleast one carbohydrate; at least one crosslinking agent; andpolyglycerol.
 66. The non-woven mat of claim 65, wherein said bindercomposition in a cured state comprises at least one polyester. 67.(canceled)
 68. The non-woven mat of claim 65, wherein said crosslinkingagent is selected from the group consisting of polycarboxylic acids,salts of polycarboxylic acid, anhydrides, monomeric carboxylic acid withanhydride, polycarboxylic acid with anhydride, citric acid, salts ofcitric acid, adipic acid, salts of adipic acid, polyacrylic acid, saltsof polyacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid based resins and combinationsthereof.
 69. The non-woven mat of claim 65, wherein said bindercomposition further comprises a member selected from the groupconsisting of at least one coupling agent; a moisture resistant agent, adust suppression agent, a catalyst, an inorganic acid, an organic acid,an inorganic base, an organic base and combinations thereof.
 70. Aninsulation product formed by the process comprising: forming a pluralityof randomly oriented glass fibers; applying a binder composition to saidglass fibers to form a fibrous insulation blanket, said bindercomposition comprising: at least one carbohydrate; at least onecrosslinking agent; and polyglycerol; and curing said fibrous insulationblanket to form an insulation product, wherein said cured binder in saidfibrous insulation product comprises at least one polyester.
 71. Theinsulation product of claim 70, wherein said curing step comprises:passing said insulation blanket through an oven.
 72. (canceled)
 73. Theinsulation product of claim 70, wherein said crosslinking agent isselected from the group consisting of polycarboxylic acids, salts ofpolycarboxylic acid, anhydrides, monomeric carboxylic acid withanhydride, polycarboxylic acid with anhydride, citric acid, salts ofcitric acid, adipic acid, salts of adipic acid, polyacrylic acid, saltsof polyacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid based resins and combinationsthereof.
 74. The insulation product of claim 70, wherein said bindercomposition further comprises a member selected from the groupconsisting of at least one coupling agent; a moisture resistant agent, adust suppression agent, a catalyst, an inorganic acid, an organic acid,an inorganic base, an organic base and combinations thereof.
 75. Amethod of making a fibrous insulation product comprising: forming afibrous blanket including a plurality of randomly oriented glass fibers;applying a binder to at least a portion of said glass fibers, saidbinder composition comprising: at least one carbohydrate; polyglycerol;and passing said fibrous blanket through an oven to at least partiallycure said binder on said glass fibers and form an insulation product,wherein said cured binder on said fibers in said cured insulationproduct comprises at least one polyester.
 76. The method of claim 75,further comprising: slitting said cured fibrous insulation product. 77.The method of claim 75, further comprising: cutting said cured fibrousinsulation product to a desired length.
 78. (canceled)
 79. The method ofclaim 75, wherein said crosslinking agent is selected from the groupconsisting of polycarboxylic acids, salts of polycarboxylic acid,anhydrides, monomeric carboxylic acid with anhydride, polycarboxylicacid with anhydride, citric acid, salts of citric acid, adipic acid,salts of adipic acid, polyacrylic acid, salts of polyacrylic acid,polyacrylic acid based resins and combinations thereof.
 80. The methodof claim 75, wherein said binder composition further comprises a memberselected from the group consisting of at least one coupling agent; amoisture resistant agent, a dust suppression agent, a catalyst, aninorganic acid, an organic acid, an inorganic base, an organic base andcombinations thereof.
 81. (canceled)